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by Stephen Walther

Confused about Models, Views, and Controllers? In this tutorial, Stephen Walther introduces you to the different parts of an ASP.NET MVC application.

This tutorial provides you with a high-level overview of ASP.NET MVC models, views, and controllers. In other words, it explains the M', V', and C' in ASP.NET MVC.

After reading this tutorial, you should understand how the different parts of an ASP.NET MVC application work together. You should also understand how the architecture of an ASP.NET MVC application differs from an ASP.NET Web Forms application or Active Server Pages application.

The Sample ASP.NET MVC Application

The default Visual Studio template for creating ASP.NET MVC Web Applications includes an extremely simple sample application that can be used to understand the different parts of an ASP.NET MVC application. We take advantage of this simple application in this tutorial.

You create a new ASP.NET MVC application with the MVC template by launching Visual Studio 2008 and selecting the menu option File, New Project (see Figure 1). In the New Project dialog, select your favorite programming language under Project Types (Visual Basic or C#) and select ASP.NET MVC Web Application under Templates. Click the OK button.

Figure 01: New Project Dialog (Click to view full-size image)

When you create a new ASP.NET MVC application, the Create Unit Test Project dialog appears (see Figure 2). This dialog enables you to create a separate project in your solution for testing your ASP.NET MVC application. Select the option No, do not create a unit test project and click the OK button.

Figure 02: Create Unit Test Dialog (Click to view full-size image)

After the new ASP.NET MVC application is created. You will see several folders and files in the Solution Explorer window. In particular, you'll see three folders named Models, Views, and Controllers. As you might guess from the folder names, these folders contain the files for implementing models, views, and controllers.

If you expand the Controllers folder, you should see a file named AccountController.cs and a file named HomeController.cs. If you expand the Views folder, you should see three subfolders named Account, Home and Shared. If you expand the Home folder, you'll see two additional files named About.aspx and Index.aspx (see Figure 3). These files make up the sample application included with the default ASP.NET MVC template.

Figure 03: The Solution Explorer Window (Click to view full-size image)

You can run the sample application by selecting the menu option Debug, Start Debugging. Ambe tu hai jagdambe lyrics. Alternatively, you can press the F5 key.

When you first run an ASP.NET application, the dialog in Figure 4 appears that recommends that you enable debug mode. Click the OK button and the application will run.

Figure 04: Debugging Not Enabled dialog (Click to view full-size image)

When you run an ASP.NET MVC application, Visual Studio launches the application in your web browser. The sample application consists of only two pages: the Index page and the About page. When the application first starts, the Index page appears (see Figure 5). You can navigate to the About page by clicking the menu link at the top right of the application.

Figure 05: The Index Page (Click to view full-size image)

Notice the URLs in the address bar of your browser. For example, when you click the About menu link, the URL in the browser address bar changes to /Home/About.

If you close the browser window and return to Visual Studio, you won't be able to find a file with the path Home/About. The files don't exist. How is this possible?

A URL Does Not Equal a Page

When you build a traditional ASP.NET Web Forms application or an Active Server Pages application, there is a one-to-one correspondence between a URL and a page. If you request a page named SomePage.aspx from the server, then there had better be a page on disk named SomePage.aspx. If the SomePage.aspx file does not exist, you get an ugly 404 - Page Not Found error.

When building an ASP.NET MVC application, in contrast, there is no correspondence between the URL that you type into your browser's address bar and the files that you find in your application. In an ASP.NET MVC application, a URL corresponds to a controller action instead of a page on disk.

In a traditional ASP.NET or ASP application, browser requests are mapped to pages. In an ASP.NET MVC application, in contrast, browser requests are mapped to controller actions. An ASP.NET Web Forms application is content-centric. An ASP.NET MVC application, in contrast, is application logic centric.

Understanding ASP.NET Routing

A browser request gets mapped to a controller action through a feature of the ASP.NET framework called ASP.NET Routing. ASP.NET Routing is used by the ASP.NET MVC framework to route incoming requests to controller actions.

ASP.NET Routing uses a route table to handle incoming requests. This route table is created when your web application first starts. The route table is setup in the Global.asax file. The default MVC Global.asax file is contained in Listing 1.

Listing 1 - Global.asax

When an ASP.NET application first starts, the Application_Start() method is called. In Listing 1, this method calls the RegisterRoutes() method and the RegisterRoutes() method creates the default route table.

The default route table consists of one route. This default route breaks all incoming requests into three segments (a URL segment is anything between forward slashes). The first segment is mapped to a controller name, the second segment is mapped to an action name, and the final segment is mapped to a parameter passed to the action named Id.

For example, consider the following URL:

/Product/Details/3

This URL is parsed into three parameters like this:

Controller = Product

Action = Details

Id = 3

The Default route defined in the Global.asax file includes default values for all three parameters. The default Controller is Home, the default Action is Index, and the default Id is an empty string. With these defaults in mind, consider how the following URL is parsed:

/Employee

This URL is parsed into three parameters like this:

Controller = Employee

Action = Index

Id =

Finally, if you open an ASP.NET MVC Application without supplying any URL (for example, http://localhost) then the URL is parsed like this:

Controller = Home

Action = Index

Id =

The request is routed to the Index() action on the HomeController class.

Understanding Controllers

A controller is responsible for controlling the way that a user interacts with an MVC application. A controller contains the flow control logic for an ASP.NET MVC application. A controller determines what response to send back to a user when a user makes a browser request.

A controller is just a class (for example, a Visual Basic or C# class). The sample ASP.NET MVC application includes a controller named HomeController.cs located in the Controllers folder. The content of the HomeController.cs file is reproduced i

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